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Notes on Protocols in Computer Networks

 


Definition of a Protocol

In computer networks, communication occurs between entities (devices, applications, or systems) that exchange information. For successful communication, entities must follow a protocol—a set of rules governing data exchange. A protocol defines:

  • What is communicated (data format).

  • How it is communicated (transmission method).

  • When it is communicated (synchronization and speed).

Key Elements of a Protocol

  1. Syntax

    • Refers to the structure or format of the data.

    • Example: A protocol may define:

      • First 8 bits = Sender’s address.

      • Next 8 bits = Receiver’s address.

      • Remaining bits = Actual message.

  2. Semantics

    • Refers to the meaning of each part of the data.

    • Example:

      • Does an address field indicate the destination or a routing path?

      • What does a specific bit pattern represent (e.g., error code, control signal)?

  3. Timing

    • Ensures synchronization and speed matching between sender and receiver.

    • Includes:

      • When data should be sent (e.g., flow control).

      • How fast data can be transmitted (e.g., matching sender/receiver speeds).

    • Example: If a sender transmits at 100 Mbps but the receiver processes at 1 Mbps, data loss occurs due to overload.

Importance of Protocols

  • Enable standardized communication between different systems.

  • Ensure reliable, efficient, and error-free data transfer.

  • Facilitate interoperability between devices from different manufacturers.

Examples of Protocols

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) – Web communication.

  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) – Internet data transfer.

  • Ethernet – LAN communication.

Conclusion

Protocols are essential for structured and efficient network communication, ensuring that devices interpret data correctly and synchronize transmissions effectively.

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